Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Caving mining method has been widely used in metal mines around the world. Mining progresses downwards in an orebody, with each sublevel being progressively eliminated as mining. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Abstract goldex is a sublevel open stoping min near val dor in northe western quebec. Jun 25, 2010 modern day sublevel caving the sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using author. Pdf an assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at kazansi. One of the most important aspects of underground hard rock mining is ventilation.
Schedules production for block, panel and sublevel caving. An overview of a wireless blasting system for use in sublevel caving operations that significantly reduces the risk posed to mine workers. Jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste in sublevel caving is a process more complicated than that which is used in bin flow. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. Parameters influencing full scale sublevel caving material.
The block model is discretized to blocks of a userdefined size. Caving 2014 stochastic models for gravity flow numerical. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. Sublevel caving and draw control procedures at granduc evaluation of shield performance and recovery level during sublevel and integral caving a case study failure of hanging roofs in sublevel caving by shock collision and stress superposition. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of ore. A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving method. Draw control strategy for sublevel caving mines simple search. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc.
Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Theability todefine cavability andfragmentation, theavailability qflarge,robust loadhauldump units, abetterunderstanding qfdrawcontrol requirements, improved drillingequipmentfor secondary blasting, and. The question whether sublevel caving is practicable even at greater depths below ground level has often been discussed. All of these methods have been fully described in refs. Oct 25, 2017 the loss and dilution of ore by sublevel caving mining method is influenced by gravity flow principles of caved granular materials rocks. A guide to responsible caving indiana university bloomington. Fullscale experiments to measure the effect of crosscut. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors.
The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659. Ore extraction allows several drifts to be operated on the same sublevel. This paper supplements a keynote address prepared for the 2010 second international symposium on block and sublevel caving. Training in the use and maintenance of caving equipment including ropes, carabiners, slings, helmets, headlamps, etc.
Mar 22, 2007 a method of underground mining operation. Block caving is a gravitybased underground mining method that involves breaking up the rock mass located at depth into pieces. Sublevel caving technique mining drilling rig scribd. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. As far as quantity is concerned, sublevel caving is now the most important method with about 25 million tonnes per annum out of which kiruna alone. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. Design of a new layout for sublevel caving at depth. Ventilation is the primary method of clearing hazardous gases andor dust which are created from drilling and blasting activity e. Ore and waste are fragmented using blast holes drilled upwards from headings. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. A characteristic of caving mining method is caving and extraction of the. The invention relates to the technical field of stoping methods and particularly relates to an underhand sublevel open stoping method.
Sublevel caving sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Equivalent papers on practices, or stateoftheart, in sublevel caving are discussed elsewhere, for example bull and page 2000, kvapil 2004, hustrulid and. Sublevel stoping, vertical retreat stoping, sublevel caving, and cutandfill mining are methods that usually can be applied under similar conditions. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. The editor gratefully acknowledges extracts from underground mining methods.
Safety issues in sublevel caving the brow, the edge of the intact rock and the broken rock mass, is the area where many safety hazards are present and is the area where hookup operations. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. It follows the same basic principles as the block caving mining method. Caving models simulate cave flow for the lifeofmine of a caving operation for several outcomes such as recovery, dilution and production scheduling. Sublevel caving is a bulk mining method which is largely dependent upon the gravity. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main production levels. After the bottom of the block, or panel, is cut up into pillars by drifts and cross drifts, the pillars are robbed, and then the remaining stumps are. Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as that used by liu et al. Sublevel caving slc is a highly productive mining method with the major disadvantages of irrepressible ore loss and dilution.
Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. Seven years later the same paper was reproduced by laubscher 2001. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. This method is particularly suitable for lowgrade minerals or with disseminated mineralization. Blasting starts at the uppermost sublevel at hanging wallblasting of fan breaks ore causing it to cave into the drift 3. Approximately 25% of mines worldwide use this method. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in vancouver in septemberoctober 2018. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. The development of coal mining from ancient times to today has experienced the artificial stage, the mechanized mining stage, and the automated mining stage. An underground mining method used in large, steeply. Pdf longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. This happens in mining methods such as sublevel caving, panel caving, block caving.
Prediction of the caved rock zones scope induced by. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary. Feb 10, 2018 atlas copco sublevel caving mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. An assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at kazansi mine monthly insitu tonnage of 55,194 tonnes, insitu grade of 8. Black diamond drilling services australia database. Evolution of sublevel caving safety improvement through. Gravity flow of broken rock muck in dipping narrow veins is complex.
The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Slc mines have the most intensive blasting process of all the mining methods, as generally one or two. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. Caving 2018, vancouver, canada 443 fullscale experiments to measure the effect of crosscut height on recovery in sublevel cave mines ad campbell beck engineering, australia abstract a major disadvantage of the sublevel cave slc mining method is the potential for substantial dilution and ore loss. Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies.
This cost is very dependent of the sublevel height. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Cn105822307a underhand sublevel open stoping method. Recovery reports generated by level, phase, resource classification, drawpoint and time. Both theoretical and practical points of view indicate a positive answer. Therefore, the infrastructure is always placed on the footwall side. S ublevel cave slc mining is breaking orebearing rock through blasting and drawing it out under the waste rock that is caving into the void created. An underground mining method used in large steeply dipping orebodies where theget price.
The ore deposit is developed by a series of sublevels spaced at vertical intervals of 18 to 25 ft or 30 ft 5. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. Blasting starts at the uppermost sublevel at hanging wallblasting of fan breaks ore causing it to cave into the drift. The confined blasting situation of slc rings is commonly regarded to have a significant impact upon the material flow characteristics and hence on the overall performance. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as. Also, more than 85% of iron ores and approximately 40% of nonferrous metal ores in underground mines are mined out using this method in china. The prevailing method of bord and pillar mining was inadequate as recovery was low and required stowing with sand not easily available in many areas. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for. By combined use of dimensional analysis and similitude studies in physical modelling coupled with numerical simulation, this paper reports results of a study of gravity flow of muck in.
Metodo sublevel caving by juan carlos perez on prezi. At different sublevels, jumbos are used for long hole drilling. A few swedish metalliferous mines operate sublevel caving already today at depths of over 700 m below ground level. Block caving is an extreme case of sublevel caving in which instead of a back of ore 5 to 10 ft.
The geometry, dimensions, and even operational constraints of sublevel caving cannot be selected at random but must be planned while respecting the characteristics of gravity flow of coarse materials. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries. Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. At first, both a raise and a network of tunnels are made. The feasibility of applying sublevel caving was examined with respect to two variants. This article discusses the system details and the impact this system can have on the slc method that is used in many underground mines throughout the world. Loading at the draw point for caving operations, such as sublevel caving slc, is much more complex than loading for other underground mining methods, for two primary reasons. Abstract material flow analysis is commonly required in mining methods were the rock has to move from its initial position to the extraction point, commonly known as gravity flow.
Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. One of the key factors affecting the mining costs in sublevel caving is the amount of development work for production. Sublevel and block caving capability within the same model. Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the. In openstope mines the greatest loss of ore is that tied up in pillars left for support of the back or hanging wall. Pebble west will likely be mined by open pit methods but pebble east ore is too deep to mine economically as an open pit. Previous caving experience to understand caving techniques, safety considerations, and equipment use. As the sublevel height increases, the amount of development work necessary for production decreases.
Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stopingunderground mining methods 1. The underhand sublevel open stoping method comprises the following steps. Prediction of the caved rock zones scope induced by caving. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods presentation pdf available february 2014 with 6,829 reads how we measure reads. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the free. In caving operations, the draw co ntrol regulates loading at the draw point by providing information on when to stop loading.
In block caving, a large section of rock is undercut, creating an artificial cavern that fills with its own rubble as it collapses. The method functions on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting, while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mineinduced stresses and gravity 2. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Ring design terminology in this paper, the following terminology is used. A stoping method in which relatively thin blocks of ore are caused to cave by successively undermining small panels.
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